Species Spotlight - Snowy Owl

 

The Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) is a large owl of the typical owl family Strigidae. Until recently, it was regarded as the sole member of a distinct genus, but data now shows that it is very closely related to the horned owls.

This yellow-eyed, black-beaked white bird is easily recognizable. It is 52–71 centimetres (20–28 in) long, with a 125–150 centimetres (49–59 in) wingspan. Also, these birds can weigh anywhere from 1.6 to 3 kilograms (3.5 to 6.6 lb). It is one of the largest species of owl and, in North America, is on average the heaviest owl species. The adult male is virtually pure white, but females and young birds have some dark scalloping; the young are heavily barred, and dark spotting may even predominate. Its thick plumage, heavily feathered taloned feet, and colouration render the Snowy Owl well-adapted for life north of the Arctic Circle.

Snowy Owl calls are varied, but the alarm call is a barking, almost quacking krek-krek; the female also has a softer mewling pyee-pyee or prek-prek. The song is a deep repeated gahw. They may also clap their beak in response to threats or annoyances. While called clapping, it is believed this sound may actually be a clicking of the tongue, not the beak.

Young owl on the tundra at Barrow Alaska. Snowy Owls lose their black feathers with age, though particular females retain some.

The Snowy Owl is typically found in the northern circumpolar region, where it makes its summer home north of latitude 60 degrees north. However, it is a particularly nomadic bird, and because population fluctuations in its prey species can force it to relocate, it has been known to breed at more southerly latitudes.

This species of owl nests on the ground, building a scrape on top of a mound or boulder. A site with

good visibility such as the top of mound with ready access to hunting areas, and a lack of snow is chosen. Gravel bars and abandoned eagle nests may be used. The female scrapes a small hollow before laying the eggs. Breeding occurs in May to June, and depending on the amount of prey available, clutch sizes range from 5 to 14 eggs, which are laid singly, approximately every other day over the course of several days. Hatching takes place approximately five weeks after laying, and the pure white young are cared for by both parents. Although the young hatch asynchronously, with the largest in the brood sometimes 10 to 15 times as heavy as the smallest, there is little sibling conflict and no evidence of siblicide. Both the male and the female defend the nest and their young from predators, sometimes by distraction displays. Males may mate with two females which may nest about a kilometre apart.[3] Some individuals stay on the breeding grounds while others migrate.

Snowy Owls nest in the Arctic tundra of the northermost stretches of Alaska, Canada, and Eurasia. They winter south through Canada and northern Eurasia, with irruptions occurring further south in some years. Snowy Owls are attracted to open areas like coastal dunes and prairies that appear somewhat similar to tundra. They have been reported as far south as the American states of Texas, Georgia, the American Gulf states, southernmost Russia, and northern China.

In January 2009, a Snowy Owl appeared in Spring Hill, Tennessee, the first reported sighting in the state since 1987. More notable is the huge mass southern migration in the winter of 2011/2012, when thousands of Snowy Owls were spotted in various locations across the United States.

This powerful bird relies primarily on lemmings and other small rodents for food during the breeding season, but at times of low prey density, or during the ptarmigan nesting period, they may switch to favoring juvenile ptarmigan. They are opportunistic hunters and prey species may vary considerably, especially in winter. They feed on a wide variety of small mammals such as meadow voles and deer mice, but will take advantage of larger prey, frequently following traplines to find food. Some of the larger mammal prey includes hares, muskrats, marmots, squirrels, rabbits, raccoons, prairie dogs, rats, moles, and smaller birds entrapped furbearers. Birds preyed upon include ptarmigan, other ducks, geese, shorebirds, pheasants, grouse, coots, grebes, gulls, songbirds, and even other raptors, including other owl species. Most of the owls' hunting is done in the "sit and wait" style; prey may be captured on the ground, in the air or fish may be snatched off the surface of bodies of water using their sharp talons. Each bird must capture roughly 7 to 12 mice per day to meet its food requirement and can eat more than 1,600 lemmings per year.

Snowy Owls, like many other birds, swallow their small prey whole. Strong stomach juices digest the flesh, while the indigestible bones, teeth, fur, and feathers are compacted into oval pellets that the bird regurgitates 18 to 24 hours after feeding. Regurgitation often takes place at regular perches, where dozens of pellets may be found. Biologists frequently examine these pellets to determine the quantity and types of prey the birds have eaten. When large prey are eaten in small pieces, pellets will not be produced.

Though Snowy Owls have few predators, the adults are very watchful and are equipped to defend against any kind of threat towards them or their offspring. During the nesting season, the owls regularly defend their nests against arctic foxes, corvids and swift-flying jaegers; as well as dogs, gray wolves and avian predators. Males defend the nest by standing guard nearby while the female incubates the eggs and broods the young. Both sexes attack approaching predators, dive-bombing them and engaging in distraction displays to draw the predator away from a nest. They also compete directly for lemmings and other prey with several predators, including Rough-legged Hawks, Golden Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcons, jaegers, Glaucous Gulls, Short-eared Owls, Great Horned Owls, Eurasian Eagle Owls, Common Ravens, wolves, arctic foxes, and ermine. They are normally dominant over other raptors although may (sometimes fatally) lose in conflicts to large raptors such as other Bubo owls, Golden Eagles and the smaller but much faster Peregrine Falcons. Some species nesting near Snowy Owl nests, such as the Snow Goose, seem to benefit from the incidental protection of snowy owls that drive competing predators out of the area.

Info courtesy of Wikipedia

The elusive art of “Bird of Prey Photography” … or is it that elusive?

For me, birds of prey capture my imagination because they seem so regal and powerful, the majestic imagery of an animal that can soar so silently until it strikes at a prey sort of compels me to want to capture the perfect emotion of the moment when the shutter clicks.

How many times has this happened to you? You are standing there, waiting, after some time has passed you’re A.D.D. sets in and your mind wanders, you start looking at the resident ducks, the occasional squirrel that darts past aimlessly and you start photographing “something” because your shutter finger is getting itchy… then all of a sudden, splash, squawk and before you can turn the lens towards the sound, the bird of prey is flying off away from you with a fish in its claws?

You regale in a full range of curse words, get pissed off at yourself and go shoot the same old ducks butt sticking out of the water as it feeds on the weeds below… you’re blanked again and you swear off bird photography till you see the next image that inspires you.

Nature photography is patience… it’s planning, and it typically takes hundreds of photos before you capture that one photograph that meets your expectations. But if you think nature photography can be difficult, try taking photographs of birds of prey. This type of photography amplifies all of the above and offers the photographer an extra set of obstacles. There are harsh lighting conditions, shy and sometimes overtly aggressive subjects, you have to take into account shutter speed, aperture, distance from the object to ensure detail, size of the subject, background noise and the actual speed of the bird that you are shooting.

But all that being said, if you love to photograph birds then there is nothing more exhilarating than capturing a picture of a beautiful bird in its native habitat. If you do not consider yourself a bird photographer, I would encourage you to try it… Look at me, I never considered myself a bird photographer. Anyone that knows me would chuckle if they heard that I was willing to spend long periods of time perched in a “blind” or wait in a covered area attempting to photograph one of our local birds of prey. I actually spend more time scouting areas, talking to locals to learn what they see and identifying habitat than I do taking photos.

Have I lost you? Are you thinking to yourself, “planning, scouting, going out time and time again just to learn about a birds habits… is this guy for real?”

Yes, it’s true… you see there are a few sayings that photographers always need to keep in the back of their mind. One, success in photography comes more from the six inches behind the viewfinder that what’s in front. The knowledge you gain by planning will increase your chances of success. Two, it takes at least twenty visits to a location to get a photograph that has that “WOW” factor. These repeat visits and patience will pay off, trust me!

How to Find Birds of Prey
When you initially spot birds of prey, get familiar with the area where you are trying to find them. I have noticed that many birds that I photograph have a regular routine in their habitats. They hunt at the same times, they perch on the same limbs, and they hunt the regular locations. This is true for hawks, eagles, herons and many other kinds of birds.
One thing to remember, flight is tiring for these large birds. They do more sitting and standing then they do flying. So when you are trying to locate birds, watch the tree lines and single trees adjacent to tree lines. If you see a Heron in a specific pool, or a Hawk spending the day perched in a particular tree scouting for prey, there is a very good chance that they will come back to that spot again and again. They may not come back tomorrow, but they will eventually, and if you are prepared, you will be rewarded.

Do not ignore indigenous species of birds for “tells” of the location of birds of prey. If you hear a murder of Crows raising a racket, look around them. This often happens due to the presence of a bird of prey. Crows love to harass these meat eaters. So next time you hear a murder of crows going crazy, get out your long lens and see what caused it. This trick also works with other territorial birds such as sparrows and mockingbirds, these birds will verbally scold and chase any predator birds in their area to protect their young and livelihood.
Photographing Birds in Flight
Photographing birds in flight and capturing their gracefulness is a challenge that any wildlife photographer needs to aspire too. When comparing a perched bird to a bird in flight is “no-contest”. Hands down, the more interesting images are always of a bird of prey in flight.
The best time of day for flight photography is during the golden hours, up to 90 minutes after sunrise or 90 minutes before sunset. The reason for this is not just to get the bird lit with beautiful golden light versus the harsh noon light. The sun is lower in the sky so the underside of the bird will be better lit, you will catch the finishing touches like the glint in the eye and it will aid in proper exposure. Another great time to photographing a bird in flight is when there’s snow on the ground, or over a larger body of water. The light reflects off the snow and water and illuminates the underbelly of the bird more effectively.

Considerations to Increase Success
Exposure Mode - Always try to shoot in Manual mode, setting your aperture and shutter speed manually will reduce the amount of bird silhouettes. When tracking a bird in flight, chances are you will slip off your target. If the camera was set in Shutter priority or aperture priority your camera will suddenly meter differently and you will ruin the shot.
Aperture – If possible, try to keep your aperture up around f/5.6 to f/8.0 if the light is there. These settings will allow you not to miss the detail in the bird’s eyes. If light is low and its forcing you to dial up the aperture to f/2.8, bump up your ISO value to maintain higher shutter speeds and more optimal needed for birds in-flight photography.
Shutter Speed - I have photographed birds most shutter speeds and have captured the moment, but luck had a lot to do with the capture. I panned properly, the tracking was easy, the light was perfect, etc… As a general rule of thumb, try keeping your shutter speed above 1/1250 of a second or more. The faster the shutter speed, the better your chances of getting a tack sharp image of that bird in-flight.

Focus and “Frames Per Second” – Your DSLR has a few different focus modes. For bird photography especially you should set your focus on “Continuous Focus”. This will allows you to track the bird and the camera will constantly adjust focus on the focus point of the lens. Where to put that focal point? I aim for the neck or head with an aperture of f/8. There will be some forgiveness with that setting. It is an f/2.8, well, focus right between the eyes of the bird and hope for the best… and I do mean hope… this is one of those times where you will take those hundred plus images to get the one image with the WOW factor.
“Frames per second” is the amount of images your camera can take in a single burst. This, coupled with continuous focus only helps photograph sequences, but won’t make all of your images in focus. Tracking the bird is half the battle, if your focus point slips off your target it doesn’t matter how many frames per-second your camera can fire, they will ALL be out of focus. Also, I find that with my camera, which does 6 frames per second, tends to take one or two images to catch optimal focus. So not only do we have to worry about slipping off the focal point, your hop sis generally to get the image on frames 3 thru 6
As with anything, practice makes perfect. I practice my hand held panning skills on birds such as pigeons and local garden birds. They are smaller and faster, move in more erratic flight patterns and will give you the practice you need to refine this skill. Remember, practice makes perfect.

Happy shooting everyone!